Rudnick's New Era Spectacular Estate Auction

These Conditions of Sale govern all property offered by Rudnick's ("Rudnick's", "we", "us", or "our") at live, online, and timed auctions. By registering to bid, placing a bid, or purchasing a lot, you agree to be bound by these Conditions of Sale, any posted auction notices, and any additional terms stated in the applicable auction listing.

IMPORTANT: ALL LOTS ARE SOLD AS IS, WHERE IS, WITH ALL FAULTS. BIDDERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR INSPECTING LOTS AND SATISFYING THEMSELVES AS TO CONDITION, AUTHENTICITY, ATTRIBUTION, AGE, MATERIALS, DIMENSIONS, AND SUITABILITY BEFORE BIDDING.

A. BEFORE THE AUCTION
1. LOT DESCRIPTIONS AND OPINIONS
Any catalogue description, condition statement, estimate, photograph, oral statement, written statement, attribution, date, period, origin, material, measurement, weight, provenance, exhibition history, publication history, or other information concerning a lot reflects only our good-faith opinion at the time it is given. Such information is provided for general guidance and is not a statement of fact, representation, warranty, or guarantee.

Descriptions may contain errors, omissions, or reasonable differences of opinion. Terminology such as 'attributed to,' 'in the manner of,' 'style of,' 'after,' 'circle of,' 'school of,' 'possibly,' 'probably,' or similar qualifying language indicates uncertainty and must not be understood as an unqualified attribution.

Except for any limited warranty expressly stated in these Conditions of Sale, neither Rudnick?s nor the seller guarantees the authorship, maker, date, age, period, culture, source, origin, materials, condition, dimensions, completeness, rarity, importance, value, provenance, authenticity, or merchantability of any lot.

2. CONDITION
The condition of property offered at auction varies due to age, use, environmental exposure, prior damage, restoration, repair, alteration, replacement, refinishing, repurposing, or other factors. Every lot is sold AS IS, WHERE IS, WITH ALL FAULTS and in the condition existing at the time of sale.

Neither Rudnick's nor the seller makes any representation or warranty regarding condition. Any condition statement or condition report is a courtesy, may be incomplete, and is not a substitute for personal inspection. The absence of a condition statement does not imply that a lot is free from defects, repairs, restorations, losses, alterations, replacements, or wear.

Photographs are provided for identification and general reference only. Lighting, camera settings, editing, monitors, and printed reproductions may affect the appearance of color, tone, texture, size, and condition. Images may not show every side, detail, defect, or component of a lot.

3. INSPECTION AND VIEWING

3. VIEWING, INSPECTION, AND LOT INFORMATION
Rudnick's does not offer in-person previews, exhibitions, inspections, or private viewings of auction property unless expressly announced in writing for a particular auction.

All lots are offered and sold AS IS, WHERE IS, WITH ALL FAULTS, without warranty or guarantee except as expressly stated in these Conditions of Sale. Prospective bidders are solely responsible for determining the age, authenticity, attribution, condition, dimensions, materials, completeness, quality, and suitability of any lot before bidding.

As a courtesy, Rudnick's may provide additional photographs, measurements, condition information, or other available documentation upon written request. All requests for additional information regarding a specific lot must be received no later than seven (7) calendar days prior to the scheduled closing or live auction date. Requests received after this deadline may not be reviewed or answered due to cataloging, photography, shipping preparation, and auction administration.

Rudnick's will make reasonable efforts to respond to timely requests but does not guarantee that additional photographs, reports, measurements, provenance, or other information will be available for every lot. Any information provided after publication of the catalog is offered solely as a courtesy and represents Rudnick's opinion only. Such information shall not constitute a warranty, guarantee, or representation of fact.

Failure by a bidder to request additional information before the stated deadline, or Rudnick's inability to respond to a request, shall not constitute grounds for rescission of the sale, cancellation of the purchase, refusal of payment, return of property, reduction of the purchase price, or any claim against Rudnick's or the consignor.

By registering to bid and placing a bid, each bidder acknowledges that they have had a full and reasonable opportunity to conduct their own due diligence, accepts the published catalog description and any announced amendments, and assumes all risks associated with purchasing property without an in-person inspection.

4. ESTIMATES
Pre-sale estimates are opinions based on information available to us, including condition, quality, rarity, provenance, and prior auction results for comparable property. Estimates are not guarantees or predictions of selling price, market value, replacement value, insurance value, or future resale value.
Unless expressly stated otherwise, estimates do not include the buyer's premium, taxes, shipping, handling, storage, insurance, platform charges, payment-processing charges, or other fees.

5. RESERVES AND WITHDRAWAL
A lot may be offered subject to a confidential reserve unless it is expressly designated as being offered without reserve. The reserve will not exceed the low estimate unless otherwise disclosed.

Rudnick's may withdraw any lot before or during the auction, change the order of sale, combine or divide lots, correct a catalogue entry, or amend any auction term or lot description. Rudnick's will not be liable for the withdrawal or modification of a lot.

B. REGISTRATION AND BIDDING

1. ELIGIBILITY AND ACCEPTANCE

Rudnick's may accept, reject, suspend, or revoke any registration or bid in its sole discretion. By registering or bidding, you represent that you are legally capable of entering into a binding contract and that all information provided by you is complete and accurate.

You further represent that you are not prohibited by law from participating in the transaction and are not acting for any person or entity subject to applicable sanctions, embargoes, or trade restrictions. No purchase may be funded by unlawful proceeds or structured to evade applicable laws.

2. IDENTIFICATION AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Rudnick's may require government-issued identification, proof of address, business-formation documents, beneficial-ownership information, financial references, a deposit, credit-card authorization, or other information before approving a bidder.

If Rudnick's is not satisfied with the information provided, registration may be denied or revoked. A successful bid may be cancelled if registration information is false, incomplete, misleading, or unverifiable.

3. NEW AND RETURNING BIDDERS
New bidders should complete registration sufficiently in advance of the auction to allow time for review. Returning bidders may be asked to update identification, payment, or financial information. Approval on a prior occasion does not guarantee approval for a later auction.

4. BIDDING ON BEHALF OF ANOTHER PERSON
A bidder acting as agent for another person must disclose the agency relationship before bidding and provide any authorization and identification requested by Rudnick's. Unless Rudnick's agrees otherwise in writing before the auction, the registered bidder remains personally and fully liable for the purchase price and all related charges.

5. BIDDING METHODS
Bids may be accepted in person, by telephone, in writing, online, through a timed-auction platform, or through an approved third-party bidding platform, depending on the auction.
Bidding services are offered as a convenience. Rudnick's is not responsible for missed bids, failed internet connections, platform outages, software errors, telephone failures, transcription errors, delays, omissions, or other technical or human errors.

6. ABSENTEE AND TELEPHONE BIDS
Absentee and telephone bids must be requested within the time stated by Rudnick's and are accepted only when staff and technology are available. Rudnick's may require a minimum bid level for telephone bidding.

Rudnick's will make reasonable efforts to execute absentee bids at the lowest amount permitted by competing bids and any reserve, but does not guarantee execution. When identical absentee bids are received, priority may be given to the bid received first.
Telephone calls related to bidding may be recorded for accuracy and dispute resolution.

7. ONLINE AND TIMED BIDDING
Online bidders are responsible for understanding the operation and rules of the platform used for the auction. A bid is binding once submitted and accepted by the platform. Bids generally cannot be cancelled, reduced, or withdrawn.
In timed auctions, automatic extensions may apply when bids are placed near the scheduled closing time. The platform's displayed closing time, bid history, and winning-bid indication are subject to final confirmation by Rudnick's.

8. CREDIT-CARD AUTHORIZATION
Rudnick's or an auction platform may place a temporary authorization hold on a credit card used during registration. The timing of release is controlled by the issuing bank or card provider.

C. DURING THE AUCTION

1. AUCTIONEER'S AUTHORITY
The auctioneer has complete discretion to conduct the sale, recognize bidders, determine bid increments, reject bids, resolve bidding disputes, reopen bidding, advance or reverse bidding, pass a lot, withdraw a lot, combine or divide lots, correct an error, or determine the successful bidder.
The auctioneer's decision is final to the fullest extent permitted by law.

2. BID INCREMENTS
Bidding may begin below the low estimate and will advance in increments selected by the auctioneer or auction platform. The auctioneer may vary increments at any time.

3. BIDDING FOR THE SELLER
Where permitted by law, the auctioneer may place bids on behalf of the seller up to, but not including, the reserve. Such bids may be consecutive or responsive and need not be identified as bids for the seller.

If a lot is offered without reserve, the auctioneer may open bidding at a reasonable amount. If no bid is received, the lot may be passed as unsold.

4. SUCCESSFUL BID AND CONTRACT OF SALE
The highest bidder acknowledged by the auctioneer or confirmed by the auction platform is the buyer. A binding contract of sale is formed when the auctioneer announces the lot sold, the hammer falls, or the timed-auction platform closes the lot and Rudnick's confirms the result.
The hammer price is the final accepted bid before the buyer's premium, taxes, and other charges. Invoices will be issued only to the registered successful bidder unless Rudnick's agrees otherwise in writing.

Rudnick's may correct clerical, invoicing, or calculation errors after the auction.

5. DISPUTES AND ERRORS
By registering to bid and placing any bid, each bidder acknowledges that they have read, understood, and agreed to be legally bound by these Conditions of Sale. Every bid placed constitutes a legally binding offer to purchase the lot and, upon the fall of the auctioneer's hammer or the close of an online lot, forms a legally enforceable contract between the successful bidder and Rudnick's, acting on behalf of the consignor.

The successful bidder is obligated to complete the purchase and pay the full purchase price, including the hammer price, buyer's premium, applicable taxes, shipping charges, and any other applicable fees, in accordance with these Conditions of Sale.

Bidders are solely responsible for ensuring the accuracy of all bids placed, whether submitted in person, by telephone, in writing, online, through a third-party bidding platform, or by any other method. Bids may not be withdrawn, cancelled, modified, or revoked after they have been accepted by the auctioneer or after the close of an online lot.

Except where required by applicable law or in cases of fraud, clerical error, technical malfunction materially affecting the outcome of the sale, or where Rudnick's determines in its sole discretion that cancellation is necessary to protect the integrity of the auction, all sales are final. Rudnick's shall not revoke, rescind, or cancel a completed sale due to bidder error, bidder remorse, misunderstanding of the lot description, failure to inspect available information, internet connectivity issues, bidding platform delays, or any other circumstance within the bidder's control.

Failure or refusal to complete payment following a successful bid shall constitute a breach of these Conditions of Sale. Rudnick's reserves all rights and remedies available under these Conditions of Sale and applicable law, including cancellation of bidding privileges, recovery of damages, resale of the lot at the defaulting bidder's risk and expense, collection costs, attorney's fees where permitted by law, and any other remedy available at law or in equity.

The auctioneer's decisions regarding bidding, recognition of the successful bidder, and interpretation of these Conditions of Sale shall be final and binding upon all parties.

D. AFTER THE AUCTION

1. BUYER'S PREMIUM AND PLATFORM FEES
The buyer must pay the buyer's premium stated in the applicable auction listing. The buyer's premium is calculated on the hammer price of each lot.

A third-party bidding platform may charge an additional fee or surcharge. Any platform fee is separate from and in addition to Rudnick's buyer's premium.

2. TAXES
The buyer is responsible for all sales, use, excise, value-added, import, export, or similar taxes and governmental charges arising from the transaction. Tax may be calculated on the hammer price, buyer's premium, platform fee, shipping, handling, or other charges as required by law.
Rudnick's will collect and remit tax where legally required. A buyer claiming exemption must provide valid documentation before the invoice is finalized or within any deadline imposed by Rudnick's.

3. PAYMENT
Payment is due within seven calendar days after the auction unless a different deadline is stated in the auction listing or invoice. Rudnick's may require immediate payment or a shorter deadline for certain lots or bidders.

Payment must be made in United States dollars by a method approved by Rudnick's. Approved methods may include wire transfer, ACH transfer, certified funds, personal or business check, credit card, or another method stated on the invoice.
Rudnick's may limit credit-card payments, require identity verification, add a disclosed payment-processing or convenience fee where lawful, or require payment by wire transfer for high-value transactions.
Checks must clear and all funds must be irrevocably received before property is released. Payment must be made by the registered buyer unless Rudnick's approves third-party payment in writing before funds are sent.

4. TITLE
Title to a lot does not pass to the buyer until Rudnick's has received full and cleared payment of the hammer price, buyer's premium, taxes, fees, and every other amount due.

5. RISK OF LOSS
Risk of loss or damage passes to the buyer upon the earliest of: collection by the buyer or the buyer's agent; delivery to a shipper, carrier, warehouse, or other third party; or thirty calendar days after the auction.
Rudnick's is not responsible for loss or damage occurring after risk has transferred.

6. FAILURE TO PAY
If the buyer fails to pay any amount when due, Rudnick's may, in addition to any other rights available by law:
(a) charge interest on the unpaid balance at the lesser of one and one-half percent per month or the maximum lawful rate;
(b) cancel the sale;
(c) retain any deposit or partial payment as permitted by law;
(d) resell the lot publicly or privately and hold the buyer responsible for any deficiency, commission, storage, shipping, handling, insurance, legal fees, collection costs, and other losses;
(e) pursue legal action for the full amount due;
(f) disclose the buyer's identity and contact information to the seller, an auction platform, a collection service, or legal counsel;
(g) reject future bids or require a deposit or advance payment;
(h) offset amounts owed to the buyer against amounts the buyer owes Rudnick's;
(i) retain property belonging to the buyer as security to the extent permitted by law; and
(j) take any other commercially reasonable action.

7. COLLECTION, SHIPPING, AND STORAGE
The buyer is solely responsible for arranging and paying for packing, shipping, insurance, permits, export, import, delivery, and collection unless Rudnick's expressly agrees otherwise in writing.

Any shipper, carrier, packer, art handler, warehouse, or other service provider suggested by Rudnick's is independent and is not an employee or agent of Rudnick's. Rudnick's is not responsible for the acts, omissions, delays, negligence, charges, or performance of any third party.

Purchased lots must be collected within thirty calendar days after the auction unless a shorter period is stated in the auction listing or invoice. Collection is by appointment and only after payment has cleared.

If a lot is not collected by the deadline, Rudnick's may charge storage, handling, insurance, transportation, and administrative fees; move the lot to another location or third-party warehouse at the buyer's expense and risk; or resell or otherwise dispose of the lot as permitted by law. Third-party warehouse terms and charges will apply once property is transferred.

8. EXPORT, IMPORT, AND PROTECTED MATERIALS
The buyer is solely responsible for determining and complying with all laws relating to export, import, interstate transport, cultural property, endangered species, protected wildlife, restricted woods, ivory, tortoiseshell, coral, skins, feathers, archaeological material, or other regulated property.

A buyer's inability to export, import, possess, register, or transport a lot does not cancel the sale and does not excuse payment. Rudnick's is not required to refund the purchase price because a permit is denied, delayed, or unavailable, or because a governmental authority seizes or restricts the lot.
The buyer is responsible for all scientific testing, documentation, permits, licenses, customs charges, and professional advice required for shipment or transfer.

9. REGULATED PROPERTY
Certain property may be subject to federal, state, local, or international restrictions, including firearms, weapons, alcoholic beverages, taxidermy, wildlife materials, vehicles, or other regulated items. The buyer is solely responsible for determining eligibility to purchase, possess, transfer, ship, or receive such property.

Rudnick's may require transfer through a licensed dealer or other legally authorized party. A lot will not be released until all legal requirements are satisfied. No representation is made that a regulated item is safe, functional, or suitable for use. Such property is sold solely as a collectible unless expressly stated otherwise.

E. WARRANTIES
1. SELLER'S LIMITED TITLE WARRANTY
The seller warrants that the seller is the owner of the lot or is legally authorized to sell it and may transfer title free of undisclosed liens or claims.

If this warranty is breached, the buyer's sole remedy is cancellation of the sale and refund of the purchase price actually paid to Rudnick's. Neither the seller nor Rudnick's will be liable for lost profits, lost opportunity, loss of value, interest, consequential damages, incidental damages, legal fees, or other expenses except where required by law.

No employee, contractor, representative, or agent of Rudnick's may enlarge or modify this warranty except in a written agreement signed by an authorized representative of Rudnick's.

2. LIMITED AUTHENTICITY WARRANTY
Subject to every limitation below, Rudnick's warrants to the original buyer that a lot is authentic only as to an unqualified identification stated in the first line of the catalogue description.

For a live auction, a written authenticity claim must be received within one year after the auction date. For an online-only or timed auction, a written authenticity claim must be received within three months after the auction date. After the applicable period expires, no claim may be made under this warranty.
This warranty does not apply:
(a) to any statement qualified by terms such as 'attributed to,' 'in the manner of,' 'style of,' 'after,' 'circle of,' 'school of,' 'possibly,' 'probably,' or similar language;
(b) to statements outside the first line of the catalogue description;
(c) to condition, date, age, period, materials, dimensions, restoration, provenance, value, or any matter other than the unqualified identification covered by this warranty;
(d) where accepted scholarship or expert opinion has changed since the auction;
(e) where the description was consistent with generally accepted expert opinion at the time of sale or disclosed a conflict of opinion;
(f) where proof depends on a scientific process that was unavailable, not generally accepted, unreasonably expensive, impractical, or likely to damage the lot at the time of sale; or
(g) where the claimant is not the original invoiced buyer, no longer owns the lot in full, or the lot is subject to a lien, claim, or restriction.

To make a claim, the buyer must: provide detailed written notice within the applicable warranty period; at Rudnick's option, obtain written opinions from two recognized and mutually acceptable experts at the buyer's expense; and return the lot at the buyer's expense in the same condition as at the time of sale.
Rudnick's may obtain additional expert opinions. The buyer's sole remedy is cancellation of the sale and refund of the purchase price actually paid to Rudnick's. Rudnick's will not reimburse shipping, restoration, framing, insurance, taxes not retained by Rudnick's, financing costs, lost profits, lost value, or any other expense or damage.

3. BOOKS, MANUSCRIPTS, MAPS, AND PRINTED MATERIAL
Unless expressly stated otherwise, books and printed materials are sold as collections and may contain missing pages, plates, blanks, advertisements, bindings, maps, or illustrations; stains; foxing; tears; repairs; annotations; replacements; or other defects.
Any additional written warranty offered for a particular lot must be stated in the catalogue. Claims concerning completeness must be submitted in writing and the lot returned within twenty-one days after the sale. No return is permitted for defects disclosed in the catalogue or condition report, lots sold not subject to return, unidentified groups, periodicals, manuscripts, autographs, photographs, music, atlases, maps, or lots without a printed estimate, unless Rudnick's agrees otherwise in writing.

4. JEWELRY AND GEMSTONES
Gemstones may have been treated, heated, filled, dyed, irradiated, coated, oiled, stabilized, clarity enhanced, or otherwise altered. Treatments may affect appearance, durability, care, and value.
Rudnick's does not obtain laboratory reports for every gemstone. Any report accompanying a lot reflects only the issuing laboratory's opinion as of the report date. Laboratories may disagree, and future testing may produce different results. Unless a catalogue description expressly states otherwise, bidders should assume gemstones may have been treated.

5. WATCHES AND CLOCKS
Watches and clocks are frequently repaired, restored, or fitted with replacement parts. Rudnick's does not warrant that any component, movement, dial, case, band, pendulum, key, weight, or accessory is original.

No warranty is made that a watch or clock is in working order, keeps accurate time, is waterproof, or is suitable for use. Buyers should have watches and clocks examined and serviced by a qualified professional before use.

6. BUYER'S WARRANTIES
The buyer warrants that all funds used for payment are lawful and are not connected to money laundering, terrorism, tax evasion, fraud, trafficking, sanctions evasion, or any other criminal activity.

A buyer acting for another person warrants that the buyer has completed all legally required due diligence concerning the ultimate purchaser and source of funds, will retain supporting records for the legally required period, and will provide such records upon lawful request.

F. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
1. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES
TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, RUDNICK'S AND THE SELLER DISCLAIM ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES EXCEPT THOSE EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THESE CONDITIONS OF SALE.
NO WARRANTY IS MADE AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, DESCRIPTION, SIZE, QUALITY, CONDITION, ATTRIBUTION, AUTHENTICITY, DATE, PERIOD, RARITY, IMPORTANCE, MEDIUM, MATERIALS, PROVENANCE, EXHIBITION HISTORY, LITERATURE, HISTORICAL RELEVANCE, SAFETY, FUNCTIONALITY, OR VALUE.

2. SERVICES AND INFORMATION
Condition reports, photographs, written bids, telephone bids, online bidding, platform access, shipping suggestions, and other services are provided as conveniences. Rudnick's is not liable for any error, omission, delay, interruption, or failure relating to those services.

3. MAXIMUM LIABILITY
Except in the case of fraud or where liability cannot lawfully be limited, the maximum aggregate liability of Rudnick's and the seller relating to a lot will not exceed the purchase price actually paid to Rudnick's for that lot.
Neither Rudnick's nor the seller will be liable for lost profits, lost business, lost opportunity, loss of value, expected savings, interest, special damages, incidental damages, indirect damages, consequential damages, punitive damages, or costs and expenses arising from a bid, purchase, resale, shipment, storage, or use of a lot.

4. THIRD PARTIES
These Conditions of Sale create rights only for the registered buyer, Rudnick's, and the seller. No other person may rely upon or enforce them except as required by law.

G. GENERAL TERMS
1. CANCELLATION
Rudnick's may cancel a sale if the buyer breaches these Conditions of Sale; provides inaccurate information; fails identity, sanctions, payment, or compliance review; or if Rudnick's reasonably believes the transaction may be unlawful, expose Rudnick's or the seller to liability, or damage Rudnick's reputation.

2. RECORDING
Rudnick's may photograph, audio record, or video record an auction, preview, pickup, or related proceeding for security, documentation, training, marketing, or dispute resolution, subject to applicable law. No attendee may record an auction without prior written permission from Rudnick's.

3. COPYRIGHT
Unless otherwise stated, Rudnick's owns or is licensed to use catalogue text, photographs, videos, graphics, and other auction materials created by or for Rudnick's. No such material may be copied, reproduced, distributed, published, modified, or commercially used without prior written permission.
Purchase of a lot does not transfer copyright, trademark, reproduction, publication, or other intellectual-property rights in the lot.

4. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Rudnick's may collect, use, store, and disclose personal information as reasonably necessary to register bidders, conduct auctions, process payments, prevent fraud, comply with law, arrange collection or shipping, resolve disputes, and communicate about transactions or future sales.
Information may be shared with sellers, auction platforms, payment processors, financial institutions, shippers, warehouses, insurers, professional advisers, collection agencies, government authorities, and service providers where reasonably necessary or legally required.

5. NOTICES
Notices may be delivered by email, platform message, invoice notation, catalogue amendment, posted auction notice, or other reasonable means. A bidder is responsible for maintaining accurate contact information and reviewing communications related to the auction.

6. NO WAIVER
A failure or delay by Rudnick's to enforce any right does not waive that right. A waiver is effective only if made in writing by an authorized representative of Rudnick's and applies only to the specific circumstance stated.

7. SEVERABILITY
If any provision of these Conditions of Sale is held invalid or unenforceable, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permitted and the remaining provisions will remain in effect.

8. ASSIGNMENT
The buyer may not assign or transfer any right or obligation under these Conditions of Sale without prior written consent from Rudnick's. These Conditions bind the buyer's heirs, representatives, successors, and permitted assigns.

9. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
These Conditions of Sale, the applicable auction listing, posted notices, catalogue amendments, and the invoice constitute the entire agreement relating to the transaction and replace prior oral or written communications concerning the same subject.

10. GOVERNING LAW AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Unless a different governing-law or dispute-resolution provision is stated in the applicable auction listing, these Conditions of Sale and every dispute arising from an auction or lot will be governed by the laws of the state in which Rudnick's principally conducts the auction, without regard to conflict-of-law rules.
Before filing a lawsuit, the parties will make a good-faith effort to resolve the dispute informally. Rudnick's may require mediation or binding arbitration if that requirement is clearly stated in the applicable auction listing. Nothing in this paragraph prevents Rudnick's from pursuing collection, possession, injunctive relief, or other urgent remedies in a court of competent jurisdiction.

H. GLOSSARY
Authentic means a genuine example, rather than a copy or forgery, of the unqualified artist, maker, author, manufacturer, period, culture, source, or material identified in the first line of the catalogue description.

Buyer means the registered successful bidder.

Buyer's premium means the charge payable to Rudnick's in addition to the hammer price.

Catalogue description means the description of a lot in the auction catalogue or online listing, as amended by any notice or announcement.

Estimate means the price range within which Rudnick's believes a lot may sell. An estimate is not a guarantee.

Hammer price means the final bid accepted for a lot, excluding buyer's premium, taxes, and other charges.

Lot means an item or group of items offered for sale as a single auction unit.

Purchase price means the hammer price plus the buyer's premium, taxes, platform fees, shipping, storage, insurance, and every other charge due from the buyer.

Qualified attribution means an attribution limited by words such as 'attributed to,' 'in the manner of,' 'style of,' 'after,' 'circle of,' 'school of,' 'possibly,' 'probably,' or similar terminology.

Reserve means the confidential minimum price below which a lot will not be sold.

Seller means the owner or authorized consignor of a lot.
Written notice includes an amendment posted with the lot, an announcement made by the auctioneer, or a direct written communication issued by Rudnick's.

Rudnick's Conditions of Sale